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Related Concept Videos

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Vaccinations

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
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Intradermal vaccination for rabies prophylaxis: conceptualization, evolution, present status and future.

Shampur Narayan Madhusudana1, Reeta Subramaniam Mani

  • 1Department of Neurovirology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, Karnataka 560029, India.

Expert Review of Vaccines
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PubMed
Summary

Intradermal (ID) rabies vaccination, using less vaccine, is a cost-effective and safe prophylactic measure proven to reduce human rabies incidence in Asia. Its implementation in Africa is recommended for similar public health benefits.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Rabies is a fatal viral encephalitis preventable by prophylactic measures.
  • Current intramuscular rabies vaccines are expensive, posing an economic burden.
  • Intradermal (ID) vaccination offers a more economical alternative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of intradermal rabies vaccination.
  • To explore new strategies for economizing rabies prophylaxis.
  • To encourage the adoption of ID rabies vaccination in endemic regions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies on intradermal (ID) rabies vaccination over the past three decades.
  • Analysis of immunological principles, safety, and immunogenicity of ID vaccination.
  • Evaluation of novel delivery devices and short-duration regimens for ID vaccination.

Main Results:

  • ID vaccination significantly reduces the economic burden of rabies prophylaxis.
  • Extensive use in Asian countries has contributed to a decline in human rabies incidence.
  • ID vaccination is safe and immunogenic, based on sound immunological principles.

Conclusions:

  • Intradermal rabies vaccination is a successful and economical strategy for rabies prevention.
  • Further research is exploring cost-effective and patient-compliant ID vaccination methods.
  • Implementation of ID rabies vaccination in rabies-endemic African countries should be encouraged.