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Semiconductors01:22

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There is variation in the electrical conductivity of materials - metals, semiconductors, and insulators that are showcased with the help of the energy band diagrams.
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Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
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Photoluminescence offers a wide range of applications due to its inherent sensitivity and selectivity. This technique allows for both direct and indirect analyses of the analyte. Direct quantitative analysis is possible when the analyte exhibits a favorable quantum yield for fluorescence or phosphorescence. However, an indirect analysis may be feasible if the analyte is not fluorescent or phosphorescent, or if the quantum yield is unfavorable. Indirect methods include reacting the analyte with...
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Intrinsic semiconductors are highly pure materials with no impurities. At absolute zero, these semiconductors behave as perfect insulators because all the valence electrons are bound, and the conduction band is empty, disallowing electrical conduction. The Fermi level is a concept used to describe the probability of occupancy of energy levels by electrons at thermal equilibrium. In intrinsic semiconductors, the Fermi level is positioned at the midpoint of the energy gap at absolute zero. When...
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Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility.

Han Liu1, Adam T Neal, Zhen Zhu

  • 1School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and ‡Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.

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|March 25, 2014
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Summary

We introduce phosphorene, a 2D material derived from black phosphorus, as a flexible, stable p-type semiconductor. It exhibits a tunable band gap and high hole mobility, enabling 2D CMOS devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Layered black phosphorus is a bulk material with a small band gap.
  • Two-dimensional (2D) materials like graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have unique electronic properties.
  • Exploring novel 2D semiconductors is crucial for next-generation electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and characterize phosphorene, the 2D form of black phosphorus, as a new semiconductor material.
  • To investigate the electronic and optical properties of single-layer and few-layer phosphorene.
  • To demonstrate the potential of phosphorene in electronic devices, including complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology.

Main Methods:

  • Mechanical exfoliation to obtain single-layer and few-layer phosphorene.
  • Ab initio calculations to determine electronic band structure and properties.
  • Photoluminescence spectroscopy to confirm band gap energy.
  • Field-effect transistor fabrication and electrical transport measurements.
  • Fabrication of a 2D CMOS inverter using phosphorene and MoS2.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorene is a stable, flexible, p-type semiconductor with an inherent, direct band gap.
  • The band gap of phosphorene is layer-dependent, tunable by strain, and larger than the bulk value.
  • Single-layer phosphorene shows a photoluminescence peak in the visible range.
  • Few-layer phosphorene transistors exhibit high on-current (194 mA/mm), high hole mobility (286 cm²/V·s), and a high on/off ratio (10⁴).
  • A functional 2D CMOS inverter was successfully constructed using phosphorene and MoS2.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphorene is a promising 2D material with tunable electronic properties and excellent performance for electronic applications.
  • Its characteristics complement n-type materials like MoS2, enabling the development of fully 2D integrated circuits.
  • Phosphorene represents a significant advancement in the field of 2D semiconductors and nanoelectronics.