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Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and...
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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Caspases01:24

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Related Experiment Videos

Clec12a: quieting the dead.

Sho Yamasaki1

  • 1Division of Molecular Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashiku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.

Immunity
|March 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Immune responses to damage signals require control. Neumann et al. identified Clec12a as a receptor for dead cells, recognizing uric acid crystals to dampen immune activation.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Immune activation is triggered by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
  • Effective regulation of immune responses is crucial to prevent excessive inflammation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Clec12a in the recognition of dead cells.
  • To understand how Clec12a contributes to the control of immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • The study utilized cellular assays to examine the function of Clec12a.
  • Researchers investigated the interaction between Clec12a and uric acid crystals.

Main Results:

  • Clec12a was identified as a receptor that recognizes dead cells.
  • Uric acid crystals were found to be ligands for Clec12a.
  • Clec12a signaling was shown to dampen immune activation.

Conclusions:

  • Clec12a plays a key role in the innate immune system by mediating the recognition of cellular debris.
  • The Clec12a-uric acid crystal interaction serves as a mechanism to control immune responses to cell death.