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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

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In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
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Redox Titration: Overview01:21

Redox Titration: Overview

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Redox titration is a chemical analysis technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown substance by measuring the electron transfer in a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction. The process involves gradually adding a titrant with a known concentration of an oxidizing or reducing agent, to the analyte, the solution with an unknown concentration, until reaching the endpoint, which indicates the completion of the reaction between the two substances. Ensuring the analyte is in a single...
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Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation
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Resin-Assisted Capture Coupled with Isobaric Tandem Mass Tag Labeling for Multiplexed Quantification of Protein Thiol Oxidation

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Thiol-based redox switches.

Bastian Groitl1, Ursula Jakob2

  • 1Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|March 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate cellular functions via thiol-based redox switches. This review explores how these modifications help cells adapt to oxidative stress and maintain homeostasis.

Keywords:
Disulfide bondOxidative stressRedox regulationSulfenic acid

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Profiling Thiol Redox Proteome Using Isotope Tagging Mass Spectrometry
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Protein function is regulated by thiol-based redox switches, crucial for responding to reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels.
  • ROS act as signaling molecules, influencing cellular growth, development, and differentiation through redox regulation of kinases and phosphatases.
  • First responder proteins like transcriptional regulators and chaperones utilize redox regulation to protect cells from oxidative damage and restore homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare various reversible protein thiol modifications.
  • To elaborate on the structural and functional consequences of these modifications.
  • To discuss the role of thiol-based redox switches in oxidative stress response and ROS adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of thiol-based redox processes.
  • Analysis of structural and functional impacts of protein thiol modifications.
  • Discussion of cellular adaptation mechanisms to ROS.

Main Results:

  • Identified diverse reversible protein thiol modifications.
  • Elucidated structural and functional consequences of these modifications.
  • Highlighted the critical role in oxidative stress response and ROS adaptation.

Conclusions:

  • Thiol-based redox switches are vital for cellular adaptation to oxidative stress.
  • Understanding these modifications is key to comprehending cellular signaling and homeostasis.
  • This review provides a comprehensive overview of redox regulation in cellular processes.