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Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

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Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
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The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
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When drugs are administered, they can elicit either an agonist or antagonist effect on the body. Agonism occurs when a drug activates a specific receptor, triggering a biological response. On the other hand, antagonism happens when a drug binds to the same receptors but blocks their activation, thereby preventing a biological response.
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The potency of a drug is the measure of its ability to produce a biological response and can be compared by looking at the half-maximum effective concentration or EC50 values of different drugs. A lower EC50 value indicates higher potency of the drug. In the dose–response curve of two antihypertensive drugs, candesartan and irbesartan, a significant difference is observed in their EC50 values. A lower EC50 value for candesartan indicates that it is more potent than irbesartan, as it...
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Drug response models describe how pharmacological agents interact with biological systems to produce measurable effects. Baseline responses are inherent physiological activities without a drug significantly influencing the observed pharmacological outcomes. Depending on the drug response model employed, these baseline responses may combine with the drug's effect in either an additive or proportional manner.Additive Drug Response ModelIn the additive model, the drug effect is independent of the...
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The plasma drug concentration-time curve is a crucial tool in pharmacokinetics, representing the drug's concentration in plasma at different time intervals post-administration. This curve illustrates the drug's journey from absorption into the systemic circulation, distribution to body tissues, and eventual elimination through excretion or biotransformation.
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Ceria co-doping: synergistic or average effect?

Mario Burbano1, Sian Nadin, Dario Marrocchelli

  • 1School of Chemistry and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland. burbanom@tcd.ie watsong@tcd.ie.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|March 25, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Computer simulations show that co-doping ceria (CeO2) with rare earth elements does not enhance ionic conductivity. Local lattice strains from single defects, not co-doping, primarily influence conductivity in these materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Ceria (CeO2) is a promising material for solid oxide fuel cells due to its ionic conductivity.
  • Co-doping ceria with multiple rare earth (RE) elements has been proposed to significantly boost ionic conductivities beyond singly doped systems.
  • Recent studies suggest improved performance in co-doped ceria, necessitating further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the bulk ionic conductivity of various rare earth (RE) doped ceria systems using computer simulations.
  • To compare the ionic conductivity of singly doped ceria with co-doped ceria (Nd/Sm and Sc/La).
  • To determine the underlying mechanisms responsible for ionic conductivity in doped ceria.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized computer simulations to model and analyze the bulk ionic conductivity.
  • Investigated singly doped ceria with rare earth elements: Scandium (Sc), Gadolinium (Gd), Samarium (Sm), Neodymium (Nd), and Lanthanum (La).
  • Compared simulation results for singly doped systems against co-doped ceria systems (Nd/Sm and Sc/La).

Main Results:

  • Simulation data revealed that ionic conductivity in doped ceria is predominantly influenced by local lattice strains induced by individual defects.
  • No significant enhancement in ionic conductivity was observed in the co-doped ceria samples compared to singly doped ones.
  • The findings contradict recent claims of synergistic co-doping effects improving performance.

Conclusions:

  • The study concludes that co-doping ceria with rare earth elements does not yield enhanced ionic conductivity.
  • Local lattice strain from single defects is the dominant factor affecting conductivity, rather than synergistic effects from co-doping.
  • Further research may need to reconsider co-doping strategies for optimizing ceria-based electrolytes.