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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Medications are typically administered to achieve therapeutic effects. Some drugs can modify an individual's mood and perception, frequently resulting in various enjoyable experiences. However, this can result in drug dependency, a condition marked by continuous drug use despite potential negative consequences. Drug dependency primarily falls into two categories: psychological and physical dependence. Psychological dependence occurs when the pleasurable feelings induced by the drug...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Integrating Computerized Linguistic and Social Network Analyses to Capture Addiction Recovery Capital in an Online Community
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A Liberal Account of Addiction.

Bennett Foddy, Julian Savulescu

    Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology : PPP
    |March 25, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study challenges the idea that addiction compromises self-control. It argues that addicts are autonomous, presenting a minimal account of addictive motivation based on evidence.

    Area of Science:

    • Philosophy of Psychology
    • Behavioral Science
    • Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Two main philosophical and psychological accounts of addictive motivation exist.
    • These accounts commonly assert that addiction diminishes an individual's self-control.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate and challenge the prevailing claim that addictions compromise self-control.
    • To critically assess the empirical evidence and normative biases in addiction theories.

    Main Methods:

    • Examined incompatibilities between reduced self-control claims and cross-disciplinary evidence.
    • Identified and corrected normative biases in popular addiction theories.
    • Developed a minimal, evidence-based account of addiction.
    Keywords:
    addictionautonomydependencelibertyneuroethicsself-control

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    Main Results:

    • The empirical argument for reduced autonomy in addiction is weakened by available evidence.
    • Popular addiction theories contain systematic errors due to unwarranted normative bias.
    • A revised account presumes addicts are autonomous in their behavior, barring contrary evidence.

    Conclusions:

    • Addiction does not necessarily compromise self-control; addicts can be considered autonomous.
    • Revising theoretical interpretations of evidence is crucial for an accurate understanding of addiction.
    • The study offers a minimal, correct account of addiction, emphasizing agent autonomy.