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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

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High efficiency reflective waveplates in the midwave infrared.

T Ribaudo, A Taylor, B-M Nguyen

    Optics Express
    |March 26, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    We developed a high-efficiency reflective waveplate for midwave infrared applications. This device offers tunable phase shifts based on the angle of incidence, showing great design versatility.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Metamaterials
    • Infrared Technology

    Background:

    • Reflective waveplates are crucial optical components for polarization control.
    • Achieving tunable phase shifts in the midwave infrared (MWIR) spectrum presents significant challenges.
    • Existing technologies often lack angle-dependent tunability or efficiency.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel high-efficiency reflective waveplate with incidence-angle-dependent phase shift tuning.
    • To explore the design optimization and fabrication of such a device.
    • To investigate the scalability and versatility of the proposed waveplate design.

    Main Methods:

    • Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) modeling was used to simulate phase shift and reflection efficiency.

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  • Geometrical parameters were varied to optimize the waveplate design.
  • Devices were fabricated and characterized for polarization and efficiency, with results compared to simulations.

    • Main Results:

    • Simulations and experimental measurements showed excellent agreement.
    • The fabricated waveplate demonstrated high efficiency and incidence-angle-dependent phase shift tuning in the MWIR.
    • The design exhibited excellent polarization characteristics.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed reflective waveplate offers a versatile platform for tunable phase control in the MWIR.
    • The design shows potential for scalability to other wavelength ranges.
    • This technology enables the generation of arbitrary phase shifts, opening new possibilities in optical system design.