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Axial super-localisation using rotating point spread functions shaped by polarisation-dependent phase modulation.

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    We developed a novel optical method using a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) to engineer point spread functions (PSFs) for precise 3D super-localization of nanoparticles.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical Engineering
    • Microscopy
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Accurate three-dimensional (3D) localization of fluorescent nanoparticles is crucial for advanced imaging.
    • Conventional methods face challenges in achieving high axial resolution and precision.
    • Polarization-dependent optical elements offer potential for enhanced imaging capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate a new point spread function (PSF) engineering technique for improved axial super-localization.
    • To independently control and correct aberrations in dual polarization channels.
    • To experimentally realize a specific single-lobe PSF design for axial position encoding.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing a liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) to display adjacent phase masks for wavefront shaping.
    • Employing a polarizing beam splitter and geometric image rotator for dual-polarization processing.
    • Combining two polarization channels with a 180° phase shift to create a two-lobed PSF encoding axial information.
    • Demonstrating independent aberration measurement and correction for each polarization channel.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully engineered a single-lobe (
    • corkscrew
    • ) PSF that rotates upon defocus for each polarization channel.
    • Created a merged two-lobed PSF whose orientation provides axial position information.
    • Achieved axial super-localization of fluorescent nanoparticles.
    • Independently measured and corrected aberrations in both polarization channels.
    • Compared the performance with a rotating double-helix PSF, analyzing the trade-off between precision and axial range.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed LC-SLM based PSF engineering approach enables precise axial super-localization.
    • Independent control of polarization channels allows for effective aberration management.
    • This method represents the first experimental realization of a specific single-lobe PSF design for axial super-resolution.
    • The technique offers a valuable tool for advanced nanoscale imaging applications.