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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

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Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

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Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
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Updated: May 1, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
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Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

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Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis.

Athol U Wells1, George A Margaritopoulos2, Katerina M Antoniou2

  • 1Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom.

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
|March 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) management focuses on preventing progression. Cyclophosphamide is effective for extensive fibrosis, while new therapies and careful observation are key for milder cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Pulmonology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) pathogenesis remains unclear, with limited epidemiological data.
  • Advances in SSc-ILD diagnosis and prognosis are significant, integrating pulmonary function tests, HRCT, and symptom severity for progression assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding and management strategies for SSc-ILD.
  • To highlight the importance of multidisciplinary evaluation for disease severity and progression.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic options for SSc-ILD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of SSc-ILD pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • Analysis of current treatment guidelines and clinical trial data.
  • Discussion of prognostic factors and multidisciplinary assessment approaches.

Main Results:

  • Cyclophosphamide is a proven immunosuppressive therapy for extensive fibrotic SSc-ILD.
  • Rituximab and antifibrotic agents show potential for broader therapeutic approaches.
  • Careful observation is recommended for nonprogressive SSc-ILD to avoid overtreatment.

Conclusions:

  • Effective SSc-ILD management requires integrated assessment and tailored treatment strategies.
  • While cyclophosphamide is established, novel therapies are emerging.
  • Avoiding overtreatment in nonprogressive cases is crucial, emphasizing meticulous observation.