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    Plant trait differences between native and exotic species are not always significant enough to cause invasion. A meta-analysis found trait disparities were often smaller than those among native species, challenging their predictive power.

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    Area of Science:

    • Ecology
    • Botany
    • Invasive Species Research

    Background:

    • Functional differences between native and exotic species are proposed drivers of plant invasion.
    • However, trait differences are context-dependent and their magnitude for invasion is unclear.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate if trait differences between native and exotic invasive species are ecologically meaningful.
    • To compare trait differences between native and exotic species against differences among co-occurring native species.

    Main Methods:

    • A meta-analysis was conducted on existing studies examining plant traits.
    • Quantified effect sizes for trait differences between native and exotic invasive species.
    • Compared these with effect sizes for trait differences among native species within the same studies.

    Main Results:

    • Overall, trait differences between native and exotic invasive species were slightly larger than among native species.
    • However, this difference was not consistently greater than among native species, especially in non-field studies.
    • The proposed criterion for ecological meaningfulness was rarely met.

    Conclusions:

    • Trait differences alone may not be the primary driver of most plant invasions.
    • Other invasion mechanisms are likely more significant.
    • Predicting plant invasion using trait values presents considerable challenges.