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Updated: May 1, 2026
Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings
Published on: June 13, 2025
Circulating vitamin D, supplement use, and cardiovascular disease risk: the MrOS Sleep Study
Archna Bajaj1, Katie L Stone, Katherine Peters
1Temple University Hospital (A.B.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140; California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute (K.L.S., K.P., N.P., E.B.-C., D.B., P.M.C., E.O.), San Francisco, California 94107; University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Health System (K.E.E.), Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417; Department of Medicine (A.R.H.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305; Channing Division of Network Medicine (E.S.S.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Division of Sleep Medicine (E.S.S.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; and Department of Epidemiology (E.S.S.), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
Context:
Evidence suggests an inverse association between circulating 25(OH) vitamin D and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Objective:
To determine the association between serum 25(OH) vitamin D and risk for CVD events.
Setting And Design:
From March 2000 to April 2002, participants were recruited for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Between December 2003 and March 2005, members of the MrOS cohort were invited to participate in the MrOS Sleep Study. Participants were recruited from 6 clinical centers across the United States and followed for a mean of 5.9 years. Three-thousand-one-hundred-thirty-five men ages 65 and older were included from the MrOS cohort, of whom 116 were excluded for missing vitamin D or CVD data. Participants were divided into two groups based on serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels, <20 ng/mL and ≥20 ng/mL. Participants were followed for CVD endpoints including coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular events. Age- and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were calculated and stratified by use of vitamin D containing supplements.
Results:
We observed no significant association between circulating 25(OH) vitamin D and risk of CVD event (HR, 0.91; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.73-1.13) and CHD event (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.61-1.07). For cerebrovascular events, men with vitamin D deficiency exhibited a higher risk (HR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.00-2.08) using the minimally adjusted model and after excluding supplement users (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.02-2.83).
Conclusions:
25(OH) vitamin D was not associated with risk of CVD and CHD events. However, vitamin D deficiency may be associated with an increased risk of cerebrovascular events.
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