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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes
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Nuclear reprogramming by interphase cytoplasm of two-cell mouse embryos.

Eunju Kang1, Guangming Wu2, Hong Ma1

  • 1Division of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006, USA.

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Efficient mammalian cloning is possible using interphase cytoplasm from two-cell embryos, especially when cell cycle stages are synchronized. This breakthrough in somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) offers new avenues for regenerative medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Science

Background:

  • Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) relies on reprogramming factors in oocyte cytoplasm.
  • These factors are thought to decline after fertilization, making zygotic cytoplasm less effective for reprogramming.
  • Previous research suggested metaphase cytoplasm is crucial, while interphase cytoplasm is inactive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate reprogramming activity in the cytoplasm of interphase two-cell mouse embryos (I2C).
  • To determine if cell cycle synchronization is critical for SCNT success using interphase cytoplasm.
  • To explore the potential of I2C cytoplasm for generating embryonic stem cells and live offspring.

Main Methods:

  • Documented candidate reprogramming factors in intact and enucleated zygotes and two-cell embryos.
  • Reconstructed SCNT embryos using various donor cell nuclei and synchronized I2C cytoplasm.
  • Transferred cloned embryos into recipient females to assess developmental potential and live birth.

Main Results:

  • Enucleation was not the cause of reprogramming failure in interphase cytoplasm.
  • SCNT embryos reconstructed with synchronized I2C cytoplasm developed into blastocysts and ES cells.
  • Cloned embryos produced live offspring, demonstrating efficient reprogramming and developmental potential.

Conclusions:

  • The cytoplasm of interphase two-cell embryos supports efficient reprogramming via SCNT.
  • Cell cycle synchronization between the donor nucleus and recipient cytoplasm is the key factor for success.
  • Utilizing interphase cytoplasm in SCNT can facilitate the generation of autologous human ES cells for regenerative medicine.