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Related Concept Videos

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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Methods to Discover Alternative Promoter Usage and Transcriptional Regulation of Murine Bcrp1
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A promoter-level mammalian expression atlas.

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    Summary

    Mammalian gene expression is more complex than previously thought. Researchers mapped transcription start sites to reveal cell-type-specific gene activity, finding few

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    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Molecular Biology
    • Mammalian Transcriptomics

    Background:

    • Regulated transcription is crucial for mammalian cell type diversity and organization.
    • Understanding gene expression patterns is key to deciphering cellular functions and development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To comprehensively map transcription start sites (TSSs) and their usage across diverse mammalian cells and tissues.
    • To provide a detailed overview of mammalian gene expression and promoter architecture.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized single-molecule cDNA sequencing to identify and quantify transcription start sites.
    • Analyzed gene expression profiles in human and mouse primary cells, cell lines, and tissues.
    • Performed promoter-based expression analysis and coexpression analyses.

    Main Results:

    • Discovered that few genes are truly 'housekeeping'; many promoters are composite with cell-type-specific TSSs.
    • Found varying evolutionary rates for cell-type-specific TSSs, with broadly expressed gene promoters being most conserved.
    • Identified key transcription factors defining cell states and predicted functions of novel transcripts.

    Conclusions:

    • Mammalian gene expression is highly dynamic and cell-type-specific.
    • The FANTOM5 project offers a valuable resource for understanding mammalian transcriptomes and their biomedical applications.
    • Promoter and TSS analysis provides insights into gene regulation and cellular identity.