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Standard sister clade comparison fails when testing derived character States.

Jos Käfer1, Sylvain Mousset2

  • 1Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS; UMR 5558; Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive; F-69622, Villeurbanne, France jos.kaefer@gmail.com.

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Species-poorer clades are more likely to possess derived traits due to waiting times. This study challenges assumptions in sister clade comparisons and finds dioecy is linked to higher, not lower, species richness.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Phylogenetics
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Sister clade comparisons are used to link traits to diversification rates.
  • Previous studies often assume equal species richness between sister clades, particularly for derived traits.
  • The trait of dioecy in flowering plants has been hypothesized to reduce diversification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the null expectation in sister clade comparisons for derived traits.
  • To investigate the relationship between derived character states and species richness.
  • To test the hypothesis that dioecy decreases diversification in angiosperms.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an analytical model and conducted simulations to assess species richness expectations.
  • Formulated a statistical test for sister clade comparisons accounting for trait origin.
  • Applied the test to a dataset of dioecious angiosperm clades.

Main Results:

  • The null expectation of equal species richness is incorrect when a derived trait arises independently of speciation.
  • Derived traits are expected more often in species-poorer clades due to waiting times for trait evolution.
  • Dioecy in angiosperms is associated with higher species richness than previously reported, not lower.

Conclusions:

  • The probability of a clade possessing a derived trait depends on tree geometry and species richness.
  • Previous conclusions that dioecy decreases diversification are not supported by this analysis.
  • Dioecy may be associated with increased diversification or other factors influencing species richness.