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Updated: May 1, 2026

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System EPOCS: A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders
Published on: August 25, 2022
Operant conditioning of spinal reflexes: from basic science to clinical therapy
Aiko K Thompson1, Jonathan R Wolpaw1
1Helen Hayes Hospital, New York State Department of Health West Haverstraw, NY, USA ; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health Albany, NY, USA ; Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Columbia University New York, NY, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY, USA.
Operant conditioning of spinal reflexes, a 35-year research effort, shows promise for neurorehabilitation. This basic science approach reveals complex central nervous system plasticity, offering exciting therapeutic potential for spinal cord injuries.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Rehabilitation Therapy
- Behavioral Science
Background:
- Growing interest in novel rehabilitation therapies for spinal cord injuries (SCIs).
- Recognition of the adaptive capabilities of the nervous system and progress in regeneration.
- Spinal cord injuries are often incomplete, offering potential for recovery.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the 35-year evolution of operant conditioning of spinal reflexes as a rehabilitation approach.
- To explore the basic science model for studying behavior acquisition in the central nervous system (CNS).
- To investigate the therapeutic potential of reflex conditioning for SCIs.
Main Methods:
- Development of a model for studying simple behaviors in the mammalian CNS (monkeys, rats, mice, humans).
- Analysis of the complex hierarchy of brain and spinal cord plasticity underlying reflex behavior.
- Investigation of reflex conditioning in preclinical (rats) and clinical (humans) studies.
Main Results:
- Demonstration that simple reflex behaviors involve complex CNS plasticity.
- Identification of interactions between plasticity supporting different behaviors.
- Exciting initial results from therapeutic applications of reflex conditioning in rats and humans.
Conclusions:
- Operant conditioning of spinal reflexes is a promising approach for neurorehabilitation.
- Basic research on CNS plasticity informs clinical applications.
- Synergy between basic science and clinical needs accelerates progress in SCI recovery.
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