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Related Concept Videos

Heart Valves01:16

Heart Valves

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The human heart is a complex organ with an intricate system of valves that regulate blood flow. There are two main types of valves: atrioventricular (AV) valves and semilunar valves.
The AV valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria during ventricular contraction. These valves function with the assistance of the chordae tendineae and papillary muscles. When the ventricles are relaxed, the chordae tendineae are slack, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the...
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Structure of Cardiac Muscles01:13

Structure of Cardiac Muscles

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Cardiac muscle, or myocardium, is a specialized type of muscle found exclusively in the heart. Its unique structural and functional characteristics enable the heart to perform its vital role of pumping blood throughout the body continuously and rhythmically. The cardiac muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes, possess an endomysium and perimysium but do not have an epimysium.
Compared to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle cells are small and mostly have a single nucleus. Additionally, they are usually...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

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The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...
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Layers of the Heart Wall01:15

Layers of the Heart Wall

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The heart wall comprises three distinct layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium. The outermost layer, the epicardium, is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, featuring a thin, transparent mesothelial surface and an inner layer of areolar connective tissue with fat deposits that increase with age.
The myocardium, the thickest layer, consists of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by intercalated discs and crisscrossing connective tissue fibers. These muscle fibers contract...
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Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

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The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells
09:34

Isolation of Murine Valve Endothelial Cells

Published on: August 21, 2014

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Telocytes in human heart valves.

Yang Yang1, Wei Sun, Sean M Wu

  • 1Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.

Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
|March 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Telocytes (TCs), a novel cell type, have been discovered in human heart valves. These cells may play a role in valve repair and regeneration following injury.

Keywords:
C-kitCD34PDGF-βheart valvestelocytestelopodesvimentin

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Histology

Background:

  • Valve interstitial cells (VICs) maintain heart valve structure and function.
  • Telocytes (TCs) are a distinct interstitial cell type identified in various tissues but not previously in heart valves.
  • Understanding the cellular composition of heart valves is crucial for regenerative medicine.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and distribution of Telocytes (TCs) in human heart valves.
  • To characterize TCs within the mitral, tricuspid, and aortic valves.
  • To explore the potential role of TCs in heart valve repair and regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Transmission electron microscopy was employed to visualize cell ultrastructure.
  • Immunofluorescence techniques, including double labeling for CD34, c-kit, vimentin, and PDGF Receptor-β, were used for cell identification.
  • Cell density was quantified in different regions of the heart valves.

Main Results:

  • Telocytes (TCs) were identified in human mitral, tricuspid, and aortic valves.
  • TCs were found in both the apex and base of the valves.
  • A consistent density of 27-28 cells/mm(2) was observed across the studied valves.
  • A complex junction between TCs and putative stem/progenitor cells was noted.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first evidence for the existence of Telocytes (TCs) in human heart valves.
  • The presence of TCs suggests a potential role in valve homeostasis and repair mechanisms.
  • Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific functions of TCs in heart valve regeneration and response to injury.