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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
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Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

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Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

26
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
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Silent (clinically nonfunctioning) pituitary adenomas.

Sarah E Mayson1, Peter J Snyder

  • 1Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.

Journal of Neuro-Oncology
|March 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Silent pituitary adenomas are often discovered late due to their size and aggressive growth, potentially causing neurological issues. Diagnosis involves MRI and biochemical tests, with treatment ranging from surgery to radiation therapy.

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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Silent pituitary adenomas arise from anterior pituitary cells and can be clinically or totally silent.
  • Gonadotroph and null cell adenomas are most common, while somatotroph and corticotroph adenomas can also be silent.
  • Silent adenomas are often larger, grow more aggressively, and are diagnosed later than symptomatic ones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics, diagnosis, and management of silent pituitary adenomas.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and treatment strategies for these tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on silent pituitary adenomas.
  • Discussion of diagnostic modalities including MRI and biochemical testing.
  • Overview of treatment options: transsphenoidal surgery, radiation therapy, and medical management.

Main Results:

  • Silent adenomas are frequently discovered due to mass effect (e.g., visual impairment) or incidentally.
  • Diagnosis relies on imaging (MRI) and hormonal evaluation to determine cell type.
  • Treatment decisions depend on symptoms and tumor characteristics, with surgery for deficits and radiation for residual/recurrent disease.

Conclusions:

  • Silent pituitary adenomas require careful diagnosis and management tailored to individual cases.
  • While surgery and radiation are primary treatments, their effectiveness and side effects must be considered.
  • Medical therapies like dopamine agonists and somatostatin analogs have limited efficacy.