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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
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New frontiers in the evolution of fin development.

Renata Freitas1, José Luis Gómez-Skarmeta, Pedro Nuno Rodrigues

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Vertebrate appendages evolved from midline finfolds to paired fins, then to tetrapod limbs. Recent studies reveal genetic insights into this evolutionary transition from fins to limbs.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary developmental biology
  • Comparative genomics
  • Chordate evolution

Background:

  • Vertebrate appendages evolved from unpaired finfolds to paired fins and tetrapod limbs.
  • Evolutionary changes in appendage morphology reflect adaptive strategies.
  • Understanding appendage evolution is key to evolutionary developmental biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on vertebrate fin and limb evolution.
  • To highlight new perspectives on the transition from midline to paired appendages.
  • To explore genetic mechanisms underlying fin-to-limb evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Gene expression comparisons in chordates.
  • Gene function assays.
  • Analysis of molecular and structural changes in ectoderm and endoskeleton.

Main Results:

  • Insights into the origin and regionalization of the lateral plate mesoderm.
  • Identification of novel ectodermic competency zones for fin induction.
  • Understanding of molecular changes in distal fins and 5'HoxD transcription modulation.

Conclusions:

  • Recent research illuminates the genetic basis for vertebrate appendage evolution.
  • New data clarifies the transition from midline fins to paired appendages.
  • Genetic and developmental studies are crucial for understanding fin-to-limb evolution.