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Related Concept Videos

Comparison between RL and RC circuits01:24

Comparison between RL and RC circuits

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An RC circuit consists of resistance and capacitance, while in an RL circuit, capacitance is replaced by an inductor. RL and RC circuits are first-order differential circuits that store energy. An RC circuit stores energy in the electric field, while an RL circuit stores energy in the magnetic field. When connected to a battery, an RC circuit charges the capacitor, causing the current to decrease from maximum to zero upon being fully charged. This increases the voltage across the capacitor from...
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RL Circuits01:14

RL Circuits

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An RL circuit consists of a resistor and an inductor and may have a source of emf connected to it. The inductor in the circuit helps to prevent rapid changes in current, which can be helpful if a steady current is required but the external source has a fluctuating emf. Consider an open RL circuit connected to a source of constant emf. As soon as the circuit is closed, the current begins to increase at a rate that depends only on the value of the inductance in the circuit. The greater the...
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Parallel RLC Circuits01:14

Parallel RLC Circuits

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Street lamps equipped with RLC surge protectors are an excellent example of applying circuit analysis in practical scenarios. These surge protectors safeguard the lamp's components against sudden voltage spikes.
A simplified parallel RLC circuit model with a DC input source generating a step response is employed in this context. When the switch is turned on, Kirchhoff's current law is applied, leading to a second-order differential equation.
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Nursing Clinical Information System01:27

Nursing Clinical Information System

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Nursing Clinical Information System (NCIS)
A Nursing Clinical Information System (NCIS) is a specialized type of healthcare information system tailored to meet the unique needs of nursing practice. It incorporates the principles of nursing informatics to streamline information management and improve the quality of care delivery.
Critical attributes of NCIS include:
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Current Growth And Decay In RL Circuits01:30

Current Growth And Decay In RL Circuits

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The current growth and decay in RL circuits can be understood by considering a series RL circuit consisting of a resistor, an inductor, a constant source of emf, and two switches. When the first switch is closed, the circuit is equivalent to a single-loop circuit consisting of a resistor and an inductor connected to a source of emf. In this case, the source of emf produces a current in the circuit. If there were no self-inductance in the circuit, the current would rise immediately to a steady...
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Norton's Theorem01:14

Norton's Theorem

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Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the one...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer
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A Protocol for the Production of KLRG1 Tetramer

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TLR/NCR/KIR: Which One to Use and When?

Simona Sivori1, Simona Carlomagno1, Silvia Pesce1

  • 1Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Natural killer (NK) cells utilize diverse receptors to detect pathogens and abnormal cells. This review explores how NK cell receptor diversity enables critical immune functions in various human body compartments.

Keywords:
CCR7KIRNCRNK cellTLRanti-tumor responseanti-viral responseinnate immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Natural killer (NK) cells possess a complex receptor array for ligand recognition and functional regulation.
  • NK cell receptors include conserved toll-like receptors (TLRs) for pathogen response and newer receptors like killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) and natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) for cytotoxicity.
  • NK cells can acquire new receptors via trogocytosis, expanding their functional repertoire.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diverse roles of NK cell receptors in various immunological contexts.
  • To discuss how NK cell receptor adaptability contributes to immune responses in different body compartments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of NK cell receptor function and adaptation.
  • Analysis of NK cell roles in specific physiological and pathological conditions.

Main Results:

  • NK cells employ a broad spectrum of receptors to identify viral and bacterial products.
  • KIRs and NCRs mediate targeted elimination of infected or cancerous cells while sparing healthy ones.
  • NK cell receptor plasticity allows adaptation to diverse functional requirements.

Conclusions:

  • NK cell receptor diversity is crucial for their multifaceted immune functions.
  • NK cells play a key role in modulating critical events in various human tissues, including secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and decidua during pregnancy.
  • Understanding NK cell receptor usage can inform targeted immunotherapies.