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Related Concept Videos

Stem Cell Culture01:17

Stem Cell Culture

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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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iPS Cell Differentiation01:22

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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes
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Rethinking differentiation: stem cells, regeneration, and plasticity.

Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado1, Shinya Yamanaka2

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Cell differentiation, crucial for multicellular life, is being re-examined. New discoveries challenge long-held concepts of stem and differentiated cells, prompting a re-evaluation of research approaches.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Cell differentiation is fundamental for multicellular organism development, growth, reproduction, and longevity.
  • Regulation of cell differentiation has been a key research area for over 40 years.
  • Recent studies in stem cells (natural and induced) are prompting a re-evaluation of established definitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how recent discoveries are challenging traditional concepts of cell differentiation.
  • To highlight the need for re-evaluating experimental systems and paradigms in cell biology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent discoveries in plant and animal cell differentiation.
  • Analysis of novel experimental manipulations in stem cell research.
  • Conceptual re-evaluation of established biological paradigms.

Main Results:

  • Established concepts of stem and differentiated cells are being eroded by new findings.
  • Novel experimental approaches are revealing complexities in cell fate determination.
  • Existing research paradigms may require significant revision.

Conclusions:

  • The study of cell differentiation is entering a new phase of understanding.
  • A critical re-evaluation of experimental systems is necessary for future progress.
  • Interdisciplinary approaches are crucial for advancing cell differentiation research.