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Deeper processing is beneficial during episodic memory encoding for adults with Williams syndrome.

Joanna Greer1, Colin Hamiliton1, Deborah M Riby2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, UK.

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|April 1, 2014
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Summary

Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) show episodic memory difficulties but can leverage semantic memory. This study found that deep semantic encoding improved recall in WS adults, demonstrating cognitive support from spared processes.

Keywords:
AgeingCognitionDepths of processingEncodingEpisodic memorySemantic memoryWilliams Syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology

Background:

  • Williams syndrome (WS) is characterized by declarative memory deficits, specifically in episodic information processing.
  • Individuals with WS often exhibit relative strengths in semantic memory abilities.
  • Understanding how spared semantic memory supports other cognitive functions in WS is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the extent to which semantic memory can support episodic remembering in adults with Williams syndrome.
  • To examine the encoding strategies used by individuals with WS in a level of processing paradigm.
  • To compare the memory performance of older adults with WS to age-matched typical adults and verbally matched children.

Main Methods:

  • A level of processing paradigm was employed, involving deep (semantic) and shallow (perceptual) encoding tasks.
  • Participants included older adults with WS, typical older adults, and typically developing children matched for verbal ability.
  • Behavioral indices, including reaction time and accuracy, were measured during memory retrieval.

Main Results:

  • Adults with WS demonstrated overall difficulties in episodic memory retrieval.
  • A significant effect of encoding depth was observed, with better recall for items encoded using deep (semantic) processing compared to shallow processing.
  • This suggests that individuals with WS can utilize semantic encoding strategies to enhance memory trace strength.

Conclusions:

  • Despite general episodic memory impairments, individuals with Williams syndrome can benefit from semantic encoding strategies.
  • This highlights the potential for spared cognitive processes to compensate for relative weaknesses in other domains within WS.
  • The findings differentiate WS from autism, where semantic elaboration is often problematic.