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The error processing system in major depressive disorder: cortical phenotypal marker hypothesis.

Poppy L A Schoenberg1

  • 1Faculty of Science, Intelligent Systems, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, Wassenaar, The Netherlands.

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) affects error processing. Depressed individuals show altered error-related negativity (ERN) in affective tasks and heightened error-positivity (Pe) in cognitive and affective tasks, suggesting Pe as a potential depression biomarker.

Keywords:
ERNERPError processing systemMajor depressive disorderPePhenotypal marker

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by impaired goal-directed cognition and behavior.
  • Error processing, reflecting cognitive and emotional flexibility, is crucial for adapting responses.
  • Event-related potentials like error-related negativity (ERN) and error-positivity (Pe) offer insights into neural error monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate error processing differences in the ERN and Pe between individuals with current or remitted MDD and controls.
  • To examine how cognitive versus affective tasks influence these error-related potentials in MDD.
  • To explore potential sex differences in error processing within MDD.

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) recording of event-related potentials (ERN, Pe) during cognitive and affective Go/NoGo tasks.
  • Comparison of ERN and Pe amplitudes between 58 MDD patients (21 current, 37 remitted) and 27 healthy controls.
  • Analysis of task-specific and sex-specific differences in error processing.

Main Results:

  • ERN amplitude was attenuated in MDD patients during affective tasks, but not cognitive tasks.
  • Blunted ERN amplitudes were more pronounced in males compared to females.
  • Pe amplitudes were enhanced in MDD patients for both cognitive and affective tasks, irrespective of illness status.
  • Heightened Pe was observed in both current and remitted MDD patients.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrations in cortical error processing in MDD are specific to affective systems for the pre-attentive ERN.
  • Consciously-integrated error processing (Pe) is affected in both cognitive and affective domains in MDD.
  • The heightened Pe waveform, present in both current and remitted MDD, may serve as a candidate intermediate phenotype for depression.