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Updated: May 1, 2026

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Cortical involvement in the StartReact effect.

A J T Stevenson1, C Chiu2, D Maslovat3

  • 1School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.

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|April 1, 2014
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The StartReact effect, a rapid movement release triggered by a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS), involves the primary motor cortex (M1). This study found M1 involvement in both limb and speech movements, challenging purely subcortical explanations.

Keywords:
StartReactmotor cortexmotor preparationspeechstartletranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • The StartReact effect describes rapid movement release triggered by a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS), with observed premotor reaction times (PMTs) under 70 ms.
  • Two hypotheses exist: subcortical triggering or a faster subcortico-cortical pathway.
  • The role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in this effect remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the involvement of the primary motor cortex (M1) in the StartReact effect.
  • To differentiate between subcortical and cortical triggering mechanisms for SAS-induced movements.
  • To examine StartReact in both limb and speech motor tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to induce a cortical silent period in M1 during reaction time (RT) for wrist extension movements.
  • Participants responded to a control stimulus or SAS.
  • Experiment 2: Assessed the StartReact effect in speech (consonant-vowel syllable) production.

Main Results:

  • Startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) trials showed faster PMTs than control trials.
  • TMS significantly delayed movement onset, indicating M1's role.
  • A robust StartReact effect was observed in speech tasks, similar to limb movements.

Conclusions:

  • The findings provide evidence for the involvement of the primary motor cortex (M1) in the StartReact effect.
  • This suggests that the SAS can trigger movements via cortical pathways.
  • The StartReact effect is not limited to limb movements and extends to speech production.