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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin...

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

ECG Interpretation of Rhythms

An electrocardiogram (ECG)graphically represents the heart's electrical activity on ECG paper or a monitor.
Components of the Electrocardiogram
The primary components of a normal ECG waveform in Normal sinus rhythm(NSR) include the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and occasionally a U wave.
ECG waveforms are divided by vertical and horizontal lines at standard intervals.
The horizontal axis measures time and rate, and the vertical axis measures amplitude or voltage....

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase...

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...

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Updated: May 1, 2026

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

A Research Method For Detecting Transient Myocardial Ischemia In Patients With Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome Using Continuous ST-segment Analysis

Published on: December 28, 2012

Current methods in electrocardiogram characterization.

Roshan Joy Martis¹, U Rajendra Acharya², Hojjat Adeli³

¹Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Ngee AnnPolytechnic, Singapore 599489, Singapore.

Computers in Biology and Medicine

|April 1, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Subtle changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) patterns signal heart disease. This review highlights nonlinear methods for accurate computer-aided cardiac diagnosis (CACD) of cardiovascular disease, even with noisy ECG signals.

Keywords:

Arrhythmia Cardiovascular diseases (CVD)Computer aided cardiac diagnosis (CACD)Electrocardiogram Non-linear methods Transform domain techniques Wavelets

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Cardiology
Signal Processing

Background:

The Electrocardiogram (ECG) records cardiac electrical activity via P-QRS-T waves.
Subtle changes in ECG repolarization and depolarization patterns indicate cardiac disease.
Accurate ECG interpretation is challenging due to noise and subtle morphological variations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review computer-aided cardiac diagnosis (CACD) systems for cardiovascular disease screening.
To evaluate traditional time, frequency, and time-frequency domain analysis methods for ECG.
To emphasize the advantages of nonlinear methods for improved ECG analysis and diagnosis.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on ECG analysis techniques.
Discussion of time, frequency, and time-frequency domain methods (e.g., wavelet transform).
Detailed exploration of nonlinear methods for capturing subtle ECG variations.

Main Results:

Traditional methods may not fully capture distinguishing ECG features.
Nonlinear methods demonstrate potential for enhanced accuracy in noisy ECG data.
CACD systems leveraging nonlinear features can improve cardiovascular disease diagnosis.

Conclusions:

Nonlinear methods offer a promising approach for accurate ECG analysis.
Advanced CACD systems utilizing nonlinear features can aid clinicians in diagnosing cardiovascular disease.
Further research into nonlinear ECG analysis is crucial for improving cardiac health screening.