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Related Concept Videos

Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

8.6K
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

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In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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What is Cell Signaling?02:03

What is Cell Signaling?

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

An Integrated System to Remotely Trigger Intracellular Signal Transduction by Upconversion Nanoparticle-mediated Kinase Photoactivation
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Intracellular signal modulation by nanomaterials.

Salik Hussain1, Stavros Garantziotis, Fernando Rodrigues-Lima

  • 1Clinical Research Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institute of Health (NIH), Research Triangle Park, NC, USA, salik.hussain@nih.gov.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|April 1, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding how nanomaterials interact with biological systems is key for safe nanotechnology. This study reviews signaling pathways, oxidative stress, and cell death mechanisms induced by nanomaterials, aiding safer design and nanomedical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotoxicology and Nanomedicine
  • Cellular Biology and Signal Transduction

Background:

  • Nanomaterial interactions with biological systems are critical for developing safe nanotechnology.
  • Understanding cellular responses to nanomaterials is essential for risk assessment and application development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of signaling pathways induced by nanomaterial exposure.
  • To correlate physicochemical characteristics of nanomaterials with biological outcomes.
  • To explore mechanisms of cytotoxicity and potential nanomedical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on nanomaterial-induced signaling pathways.
  • Analysis of oxidative stress models, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation.
  • Discussion of inflammasome, calcium signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and cell uptake mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Nanomaterials trigger various signaling pathways, including oxidative stress-dependent and independent routes.
  • Nanoparticle uptake mechanisms and protein interactions significantly influence cellular effects.
  • Nanomaterials can induce diverse cell death modalities through common trigger mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive understanding of nanomaterial-induced signal modulation is vital for designing safer nanomaterials.
  • Knowledge of these pathways can facilitate the discovery of novel nanomedical applications.
  • Further research into nanomaterial-cell interactions will drive innovation in nanotechnology.