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Related Concept Videos

Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
The cells in all these layers except the stratum basale are called keratinocytes, a type of cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. The keratinocytes in the stratum corneum are dead and regularly slough away, being replaced by cells from...
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The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands01:21

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sebaceous Glands

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A sebaceous gland is a type of oil gland found almost all over the skin ( except palms and soles) and helps lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair. Most sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles. They generate and excrete sebum, a mixture of lipids, onto the skin surface, thereby naturally lubricating the dry and dead layer of keratinized cells of the stratum corneum, keeping it pliable.
These glands that produce the oils on the skin and hair are holocrine glands. The mature...
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Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

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The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum
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Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum

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[Environmental effects on the stratum corneum].

G E Piérard, C Piérard-Franchimont, P Delvenne

    Revue Medicale De Liege
    |April 2, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Winter weather causes dry, rough skin by affecting the stratum corneum. Environmental factors like low temperature and humidity impact skin barrier function, as visualized with microscopy.

    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Environmental Science
    • Microscopy

    Context:

    • The stratum corneum acts as the primary barrier between the human body and the environment.
    • Seasonal changes, particularly winter, are associated with altered skin conditions.
    • Predisposed individuals may experience noticeable skin dryness and roughness.

    Purpose:

    • To investigate the physical factors contributing to winter-induced skin dryness and roughness.
    • To visualize the effects of environmental conditions on the stratum corneum.

    Summary:

    • Reductions in outdoor temperature, ambient moisture, and dew point are identified as key physical factors.
    • The study examines skin surface characteristics under ultraviolet light and scanning electron microscopy.
    • These methods reveal the physical manifestations of environmental impact on the skin barrier.

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    Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach
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    Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
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    Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

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    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 1, 2026

    Measuring and Modeling Contractile Drying in Human Stratum Corneum
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    Resolving Water, Proteins, and Lipids from In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectra of Stratum Corneum through a Chemometric Approach
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    Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale
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    Cultivating a Three-dimensional Reconstructed Human Epidermis at a Large Scale

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    Impact:

    • Provides insights into the environmental triggers of common skin conditions.
    • Enhances understanding of the stratum corneum's role in environmental adaptation.
    • Visual evidence aids in appreciating the physical changes in skin during adverse weather conditions.