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Related Concept Videos

Inequalities01:28

Inequalities

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Inequalities express mathematical relationships where two values are not equal and are compared using symbols such as <, >, ≤, or ≥. These expressions define a range of possible solutions rather than a single value. Interval notation provides a concise way to express these solution sets, especially when the variable spans a continuous range. An open interval, written as (a, b), excludes the endpoints, while a closed interval [a, b] includes them. There are also half-open...
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A nonlinear inequality describes a comparison involving an expression that curves or behaves more complexly than a straight line. These inequalities often appear in forms that include squares, products, or variables in the denominator.To solve such an inequality, one starts by rewriting it so that zero appears on one side. For example, the inequality:  can be factored as: This form makes it easier to identify the values that cause the expression to equal zero. In this case, the...
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Unlike parametric methods, nonparametric statistics are ideal for nominal and ordinal data, requiring fewer assumptions about the population's nature or distribution. This makes nonparametric methods easier to apply and interpret, as they do not depend on parameters like mean or standard deviation. One common approach in nonparametric analysis is to sort data according to a specific criterion. For instance, we might arrange weather data from hottest to coldest days in a month or rank cities...
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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Horizontal inequality in rationing by waiting lists.

Gustav Tinghög, David Andersson, Petter Tinghög

    International Journal of Health Services : Planning, Administration, Evaluation
    |April 2, 2014
    PubMed
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    This study found limited horizontal inequality in elective surgery access in Sweden. Lower income predicted longer wait times for orthopedic and general surgery, indicating socioeconomic factors influence care access despite no ability-to-pay rationing.

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    Area of Science:

    • Health Services Research
    • Health Economics
    • Social Determinants of Health

    Background:

    • Publicly funded healthcare systems often face challenges in equitable resource allocation.
    • Waiting lists are a common mechanism for rationing elective procedures.
    • Understanding socioeconomic influences on healthcare access is crucial for policy development.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate horizontal inequalities in access to six categories of elective surgery.
    • To determine if socioeconomic status influences waiting times in a publicly funded system with waiting list rationing.
    • To examine the role of income, ethnicity, and gender in healthcare access disparities.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of administrative waiting time data for 4,634 elective surgeries in Ostergötland, Sweden (2007).
    • Linking surgical data with national registers for socioeconomic indicators.
    • Application of multiple regression analysis to test hypotheses on priority access based on resourcefulness.

    Main Results:

    • Low disposable household income was associated with significantly longer waiting times for orthopedic surgery (27%) and general surgery (34%).
    • No significant disparities in waiting times were detected based on ethnicity or gender.
    • The influence of disposable household income on waiting times increased as waiting periods became longer.

    Conclusions:

    • Horizontal inequalities in access to elective surgery exist, though to a limited extent.
    • Socioeconomic factors, particularly income, play a role in healthcare access even when ability to pay is not the rationing mechanism.
    • Policymakers must acknowledge the emergence of horizontal inequalities in publicly funded systems to ensure equitable care delivery.