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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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Anaplastic thyroid carcinomas incidentally found on postoperative pathological examination.

Akira Yoshida1, Kiminori Sugino, Iwao Sugitani

  • 1Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Kanagwa Cancer Center, 2-3-2, Nakao, Asahi-ku, Yokohama, Japan, ayoshida@kcch.jp.

World Journal of Surgery
|April 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Incidental anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a distinct subtype of ATC found during differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) treatment. While smaller and less invasive, it still carries a significant mortality risk, highlighting the need for effective treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) can be incidentally discovered during differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) treatment.
  • Optimal management strategies for incidentally diagnosed ATC remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the clinical profile of incidental ATC.
  • To analyze the relationship between treatment and outcomes in incidental ATC patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 25 incidental ATC patients from the ATC Research Consortium of Japan (1995-2008).
  • Comparison of clinical features and outcomes with common-type ATC.
  • Multivariate analysis to identify prognostic factors.

Main Results:

  • Incidental ATC tumors were smaller with less invasion and metastasis compared to common-type ATC.
  • Most incidental ATC cases coexisted with papillary carcinoma.
  • Despite a more favorable course, half of incidental ATC patients experienced disease-related deaths.
  • Tumor size was an independent prognostic factor.

Conclusions:

  • Incidental ATC represents a potentially curable subtype of ATC.
  • Curative resection improved outcomes.
  • The benefit of adjuvant radiotherapy/chemotherapy requires further investigation.