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Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

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Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Active maintenance of semantic representations.

Ryoji Nishiyama1

  • 1Department of Psychological Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-155 Uegahara Ichibancho, Nishinomiya, 662-8501, Japan, ryoji.nishiyama@gmail.com.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|April 2, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Semantic memory and phonological memory use separate maintenance mechanisms. Articulatory rehearsal supports phonological memory, while attentional control supports semantic memory, as shown by dual-task interference.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Memory

Background:

  • Articulatory rehearsal is well-studied for phonological memory maintenance.
  • Mechanisms for semantic memory maintenance are less understood.
  • Evidence suggests distinct memory systems, necessitating investigation into their separability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the separability of maintenance mechanisms for phonological and semantic memory.
  • To examine whether distinct cognitive processes underlie the maintenance of different memory types in individuals with normal memory abilities.

Main Methods:

  • A dual-task interference paradigm was employed.
  • Participants with normal memory abilities performed memory tasks while concurrently engaging in interference tasks.

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  • Interference tasks were designed to selectively disrupt either articulatory rehearsal or attentional control.

    • Main Results:

    • A crossover interaction was observed between memory type and interference task.
    • Disruption of articulatory rehearsal significantly impaired phonological memory performance.
    • Interference with attentional control disproportionately affected semantic memory performance.

    Conclusions:

    • Phonological and semantic memory maintenance rely on distinct underlying mechanisms.
    • Semantic representations are actively maintained through a process separate from articulatory rehearsal.
    • Findings support the dissociation of memory systems and their respective maintenance strategies.