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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials
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Clarifying the relationship between ostracism and relational devaluation.

J P Gerber, Ladd Wheeler

    The Journal of Social Psychology
    |April 3, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Ostracism causes distress, especially when unexpected. Prior inclusion reduces this distress, showing that social expectations, not just devaluation, impact how hurtful exclusion feels.

    Area of Science:

    • Social Psychology
    • Psychological Distress

    Background:

    • Ostracism, or social exclusion, can significantly threaten psychological needs.
    • Relational devaluation is one perspective explaining distress from ostracism.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate how different views of relational devaluation relate to needs threat after ostracism.
    • To explore the role of prior inclusion and expectations in moderating distress from ostracism.

    Main Methods:

    • Two experiments (N=179) examined distress levels based on ostracism and prior inclusion.
    • A third experiment (N=76) manipulated expectations of exclusion to assess their impact on distress.

    Main Results:

    • Distress was highest when participants were ostracized without prior inclusion.

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  • Increasing prior inclusion linearly decreased distress.
  • Expectations of exclusion predicted distress, indicating a role for social norms.

    • Conclusions:

    • Distress from ostracism is influenced by norm-based expectations of inclusion.
    • Progressive relational devaluation is not essential for experiencing distress after social exclusion.