Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Feasibility of the preauricular transparotid approach in open reduction and internal fixation of intracapsular mandibular condyle fracture.

Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery·2025

Same author

Quantitative Assessment of Condylar Remodeling After Open Reduction and Internal Fixation in Mandibular Condylar Head Fractures.

The Journal of craniofacial surgery·2024

Same author

An Analysis of the Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of Transgender and Intersex Populations in Korea: A Retrospective Study Using HIRA Database.

Journal of Korean medical science·2023

Same author

Prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 and type 3 in slaughtered pigs and wild boars in Korea.

Veterinary medicine and science·2023

Same author

Oronasal fistula reconstruction using tongue flap with simultaneous iliac bone graft: a case report.

Archives of craniofacial surgery·2023

Same author

Analysis of the Outcomes of Immediate Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Reconstruction During Thyroid Surgery for Prevention of Vocal Fold Paralysis.

Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Heterotopic Hindlimb-to-Neck Transplantation in the Mouse: A Supermicrosurgical Model of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Heterotopic Hindlimb-to-Neck Transplantation in the Mouse: A Supermicrosurgical Model of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Published on: April 10, 2026

Vascularized Partial Free Toe Tissue Transfer Under Local Anesthesia.

Hyon-Surk Kim¹, Tae-Won Jeong, Seung-Ha Park

¹From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Anam Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Annals of Plastic Surgery

|April 3, 2014

Summary

Free toe soft tissue transfer under local anesthesia offers a viable option for fingertip reconstruction in patients unsuitable for general anesthesia. This microsurgical technique, especially with a two-team approach, provides effective tissue coverage with reduced operative time and anesthetic use.

More Related Videos

A Modified Heterotopic Swine Hind Limb Transplant Model for Translational Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation VCA Research

A Modified Heterotopic Swine Hind Limb Transplant Model for Translational Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation VCA Research

Published on: October 14, 2013

Partial Heterotopic Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats

Partial Heterotopic Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats

Published on: June 9, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Heterotopic Hindlimb-to-Neck Transplantation in the Mouse: A Supermicrosurgical Model of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Heterotopic Hindlimb-to-Neck Transplantation in the Mouse: A Supermicrosurgical Model of Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Published on: April 10, 2026

A Modified Heterotopic Swine Hind Limb Transplant Model for Translational Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation VCA Research

A Modified Heterotopic Swine Hind Limb Transplant Model for Translational Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation VCA Research

Published on: October 14, 2013

Partial Heterotopic Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats

Partial Heterotopic Hindlimb Transplantation Model in Rats

Published on: June 9, 2021

Area of Science:

Microsurgery
Plastic Surgery
Anesthesiology

Background:

Free toe soft tissue transfer is a reconstructive option for fingertip defects.
Local infiltration anesthesia is explored for patients unsuitable for general anesthesia.

Observation:

Eleven traumatic fingertip defects were reconstructed using free toe soft tissue transfer.
Donor sites included the lateral great toe and medial second toe.
Follow-up ranged from 8 months to 2.5 years.

Findings:

Flap sizes ranged from 1.0 × 2.0 to 2.0 × 3.5 cm.
Mean operative times were 4 hours 29 minutes (single team) and 3 hours 21 minutes (two-team approach).
All flaps survived with one case of partial necrosis; minimal local anesthetic was used.

Implications:

Fingertip reconstruction via free toe transfer under local anesthesia is feasible and effective.
A two-team microsurgical approach can further optimize operative time and reduce anesthetic requirements.
This method presents a realistic alternative for patients with contraindications to general anesthesia.