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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

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Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of...
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
28
Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

Parkinson's Disease: Treatment

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

29
Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...
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Alterations in Muscle Tone ll01:12

Alterations in Muscle Tone ll

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Alterations in muscle tone are common manifestations of neurological disorders and reflect dysfunction within different nervous system regions. Spasticity, paratonia, and dystonia represent distinct forms of hypertonia, each with unique mechanisms, clinical features, and diagnostic importance.CharacteristicsSpasticity happens from upper motor neuron lesions and is characterized by velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement. Clinical features include:Exaggerated deep tendon reflexesClonus...
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Posttraumatic parkinsonism.

Rita Formisano1, Nathan D Zasler

  • 1Post-Coma Unit, Santa Lucia Foundation, National Research Institution and Rehabilitation Hospital, Rome, Italy (Dr Formisano); Concussion Care Centre of Virginia, Ltd, Tree of Life Services, Inc, VCU Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, International Brain Injury Association, Concussion Care Centre of Virginia, Ltd, Richmond, Virginia (Dr Zasler); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (Dr Zasler).

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Amantadine accelerates functional recovery in traumatic brain injury patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). Further research is needed to understand parkinsonian symptoms in these patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Amantadine hydrochloride is a common treatment for disorders of consciousness (DOC) after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • Its mechanisms include pro-dopaminergic and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonism, suggesting potential for improving consciousness.
  • Parkinsonian symptoms are observed in some TBI patients with DOC, potentially linked to midbrain dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of amantadine in treating disorders of consciousness (DOC) post-TBI.
  • To highlight the potential connection between severe TBI, parkinsonism, and DOC.
  • To advocate for further research into parkinsonism risk factors following TBI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on amantadine for DOC post-TBI.
  • Analysis of shared neurobiological pathways between TBI, parkinsonism, and DOC.
  • Discussion of clinical observations regarding parkinsonian symptoms in DOC patients.

Main Results:

  • Amantadine has demonstrated efficacy in accelerating functional recovery in TBI patients with DOC.
  • A significant overlap exists between the neurobiological underpinnings of severe TBI, parkinsonism, and DOC.
  • Patient responsiveness to dopaminergic agents may correlate with dopaminergic receptor integrity.

Conclusions:

  • Amantadine is a valuable therapeutic agent for accelerating recovery in TBI-related DOC.
  • Parkinsonian symptoms in severe TBI patients with DOC warrant greater clinical attention.
  • Multicenter trials are recommended to investigate risk factors for post-TBI parkinsonism.