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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

Post-Error Slowing in Patients With ADHD: A Meta-Analysis.

Lívia Balogh¹, Pál Czobor^2,3

¹Semmelweis University, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Budapest, Hungary balogh.livia@med.semmelweis-univ.hu.

Journal of Attention Disorders

|April 4, 2014

Summary

Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) exhibit reduced post-error slowing (PES) compared to controls. This diminished adaptive response may serve as a behavioral marker for ADHD.

Keywords:

ADD/ADHD behavioral regulation continuous performance tasks effect size inhibition

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Published on: April 1, 2018

Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Background:

Post-error slowing (PES) is a crucial cognitive mechanism for error correction and adaptive behavior.
Previous research has not meta-analytically assessed differences in PES between individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and healthy controls.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a meta-analysis evaluating differences in PES between ADHD patients and healthy controls.
To determine if PES can serve as a behavioral indicator for ADHD.

Main Methods:

A systematic search identified 15 relevant studies, yielding 26 comparisons.
Random-effects meta-analysis was employed to calculate the effect size (ES) for PES differences.
Data included 1,053 individuals with ADHD and 614 healthy controls.

Main Results:

A medium effect size (Cohen's d = 0.42) indicated diminished PES in the ADHD group compared to controls.
Inter-stimulus interval (ISI) modulated group differences: healthy participants showed longer PES with longer ISIs, while ADHD participants did not slow down or even sped up.

Conclusions:

The significant reduction in PES in individuals with ADHD suggests a potential impairment in error-monitoring and adaptive control.
Diminished PES may represent a valuable behavioral biomarker for distinguishing ADHD from typical development.