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Related Concept Videos

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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task
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The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

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Effector-independent motor sequence representations exist in extrinsic and intrinsic reference frames.

Tobias Wiestler1, Sheena Waters-Metenier, Jörn Diedrichsen

  • 1Institutes of Cognitive Neuroscience and Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|April 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Motor sequence learning can be effector-specific or effector-independent. This study found both intrinsic (body-centered) and extrinsic (world-centered) representations in the brain, with dorsal premotor cortex involved in transforming knowledge between frames.

Keywords:
coordinate transformationsintermanual transfermotor sequencesmultivoxel pattern analysisskill learning

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Motor sequence learning is crucial for daily activities.
  • Learning can be effector-specific or effector-independent, with effector-independent knowledge existing in intrinsic or extrinsic frames.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural distribution of intrinsic and extrinsic finger sequence representations.
  • To determine the role of dorsal premotor cortex in representing and transforming motor sequence knowledge.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and multivoxel pattern analysis.
  • Participants practiced finger sequences with one hand and performed them with both hands during fMRI scans.
  • Analysis of sequence-specific activity patterns across different reference frames (intrinsic, extrinsic, unrelated).

Main Results:

  • Dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) showed evidence for extrinsic sequence representations.
  • Primary sensory and motor cortices exhibited effector-independent representations in intrinsic space.
  • Significant overlap of intrinsic and extrinsic reference frames was observed in caudal PMd.

Conclusions:

  • Effector-independent motor representations exist in both body-centered (intrinsic) and world-centered (extrinsic) coordinates.
  • PMd may play a role in transforming sequential knowledge between intrinsic and extrinsic reference frames.
  • Intermanual transfer of motor learning relies on bilateral, but hemisphere-preferential, motor memories.