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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

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OXA β-lactamases.

Benjamin A Evans1, Sebastian G B Amyes

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Clinical Microbiology Reviews
|April 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

OXA enzymes, initially rare, now cause significant carbapenem resistance, especially in Acinetobacter baumannii. This emergence threatens the clinical effectiveness of carbapenem antibiotics.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • OXA β-lactamases, molecular class D enzymes, were initially rare, plasmid-mediated, and primarily hydrolyzed penicillins.
  • Carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii emerged in the 1980s, driven by plasmid-encoded OXA enzymes (OXA-23, OXA-40, OXA-58).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution and impact of OXA β-lactamases, particularly concerning carbapenem resistance.
  • To highlight the increasing threat posed by OXA enzymes to the efficacy of carbapenem antibiotics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on OXA β-lactamases and carbapenem resistance.
  • Analysis of the genetic mechanisms and spread of OXA-mediated resistance.

Main Results:

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  • Acinetobacter baumannii possesses chromosomally encoded OXA-51-like β-lactamases, some conferring carbapenem resistance.
  • Transferable carbapenem resistance in Acinetobacter species is linked to chromosomally encoded OXA β-lactamases.
  • OXA-48 β-lactamases have spread to Enterobacteriaceae, becoming a major cause of carbapenem resistance.

Conclusions:

  • OXA enzymes have evolved from minor resistance factors to a major threat, diminishing the clinical utility of carbapenems.
  • The rise of OXA-mediated carbapenem resistance, especially in Acinetobacter baumannii, necessitates urgent surveillance and control strategies.