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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Types of RNA01:23

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Author Spotlight: AQRNA-seq Role in Mapping Small RNAs and Unraveling Protein Translation Mechanisms
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RNAs specifically affect gene expression in a length, position and sequence dependent manner.

Jianjun Cheng1, Xiufang Wang1, Nianguang Cai2

  • 1Department of Genetics, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China.

International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Pathology
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RNA length, sequence, and position significantly impact gene expression regulation. Longer RNAs and specific sequences near genes enhance gene activation, influencing cellular differentiation.

Keywords:
GFP expressionRNA lengthRNA positionRNA sequence

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Regulation
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Gene expression is a fundamental biological process.
  • RNA molecules play crucial roles in regulating gene expression.
  • Factors influencing RNA's regulatory capacity require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how RNA length, sequence, and position affect gene expression.
  • To determine the impact of specific RNA sequences on reporter gene activation.
  • To correlate RNA characteristics with cellular differentiation states.

Main Methods:

  • Co-transfection of HeLa cells with modulator and reporter plasmids (pcDNA3.1 and pEGFP-C1 vectors).
  • Introduction of varying lengths and sequences of regulatory RNAs.
  • Bioinformatics analysis of RNA length in differentiating versus quiescent cells.

Main Results:

  • Longer inserted sequences in modulator plasmids enhanced reporter gene (GFP) activation compared to shorter sequences.
  • Altering downstream sequences of the GFP gene significantly affected its expression.
  • Short sequences adjacent to the GFP gene promoted its activation.
  • Differentiating cells (thymocytes, germinal center B-cells) produce longer RNAs than quiescent cells (T cells, B cells).

Conclusions:

  • RNA length is a critical determinant of gene expression regulation.
  • RNA sequence and its position relative to a gene are key factors influencing regulatory activity.
  • Findings suggest a link between RNA characteristics and cellular differentiation processes.