Electrokinetic preconcentration and detection of neuropeptides at patterned graphene-modified electrodes in a...

Neuropeptides are vital to the transmission and modulation of neurological signals, with Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Orexin A (OXA) offering diagnostic information on stress, depression, and neurotrauma. NPY is an especially significant biomarker, since it can be noninvasively collected from sweat, but its detection has been limited by poor sensitivity, long assay times, and the inability to scale-down sample volumes. Herein, we apply electrokinetic preconcentration of the neuropeptide onto patterned graphene-modified electrodes in a nanochannel by frequency-selective dielectrophoresis for 10 s or by electrochemical adsorptive accumulation for 300 s, to enable the electrochemical detection of NPY and OXA at picomolar levels from subnanoliter samples, with sufficient signal sensitivity to avoid interferences from high levels of dopamine and ascorbic acid within biological matrices. Given the high sensitivity of the methodology within small volume samples, we envision its utility toward off-line detection from droplets collected by microdialysis for the eventual measurement of neuropeptides at high spatial and temporal resolutions.