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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Author Spotlight: Assessment of Visual Acuity in Central Vision Loss Through Motion-Based Peripheral Vision Testing
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Author Spotlight: Assessment of Visual Acuity in Central Vision Loss Through Motion-Based Peripheral Vision Testing

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Visual motion modulates pattern sensitivity ahead, behind, and beside motion.

Derek H Arnold1, Welber Marinovic1, David Whitney2

  • 1School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.

Vision Research
|April 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual sensitivity is modulated by retinal motion. Our findings suggest that phase-contingent interactions are explained by directionally modulated spatial summation, not predictive signals.

Keywords:
MotionPredictive codingSpatial codingSpatial summation

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Area of Science:

  • Visual neuroscience
  • Perception psychology

Background:

  • Retinal motion influences visual sensitivity.
  • Target detection is enhanced at leading edges of motion for in-phase stimuli.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the mechanisms behind motion-induced visual sensitivity changes.
  • Differentiate between predictive summation and spatial summation theories.

Main Methods:

  • Measured target sensitivity at leading, adjacent, and trailing motion edges.
  • Tested stimuli with flicker and reduced spatial summation properties.
  • Assessed sensitivity to signal absence at motion edges.

Main Results:

  • Spatial summation was observed across most conditions.
  • Sensitivity to signal absence was greater at leading edges.
  • Results contradict the predictive summation hypothesis.

Conclusions:

  • Phase-contingent modulations of visual sensitivity are explained by directionally modulated spatial summation.
  • Evidence does not support a perceptually explicit predictive signal preceding motion.