Imbalances in Cardiac Output
Mitral Stenosis I: Introduction
Cardiac Catheterization III: Left Heart Catheterization
Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction
Cardiac Catheterization II: Right Heart Catheterization
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology
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Updated: May 1, 2026

Biventricular Assessment of Cardiac Function and Pressure-Volume Loops by Closed-Chest Catheterization in Mice
Published on: June 15, 2020
P Giovanardi1, G Stefanelli, F Turrini
1Cardiovascular Medicine Nuovo Ospedale S. Agostino‑Estense Modena, Italy - p.giovanardi@ausl.mo.it.
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and tricuspid annulus plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) are key echocardiographic indicators of both left and right heart function in patients with cardiovascular disease. These measures reveal significant interactions across various cardiac function parameters.
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