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Related Concept Videos

Types of Global Positioning System Surveys01:30

Types of Global Positioning System Surveys

502
GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
502
Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device01:30

Design Example: Identifying the Locations of Monuments in the Field Using Global Positioning System Device

454
Surveyors use Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to measure the precise location and elevation of points on Earth. In a recent survey, GPS receivers were used to determine the coordinates and elevations of two park monuments. The process involved careful mission planning, data collection, and correction to ensure accuracy. The survey began with mission planning to identify optimal satellite visibility and minimize Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP). A geodetic control point...
454
Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions01:10

Design Example: Measuring Distance Between Two Points with Obstructions

581
When measuring distances in areas with physical obstructions, such as a lake in a field, surveyors must employ techniques to calculate accurate lengths without direct line measurements. One effective method is the offset technique, which allows for precise distance estimation over inaccessible stretches.In this scenario, a surveyor must measure a side of an area that crosses a lake. Since the measuring tape cannot span the lake, the surveyor begins by establishing a baseline that aligns with...
581
Errors in Taping01:18

Errors in Taping

506
Errors in taping arise from multiple factors that can significantly impact measurement accuracy in surveying. Misalignment of the tape, often due to human error, is one primary source. A skilled rear tapeman, using a telescope, can help correct alignment by guiding the head tapeman; however, human limitations still lead to small inaccuracies. These errors may include misplacement of pins or inaccurate tape readings due to common visual confusions, such as mistaking a six for a nine. Such...
506
Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

674
A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
674
Distance Corrections01:15

Distance Corrections

430
To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
430

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Related Experiment Video

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Kinematic History of a Salient-recess Junction Explored through a Combined Approach of Field Data and Analog Sandbox Modeling
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Fault location based on synchronized measurements: a comprehensive survey.

A H Al-Mohammed1, M A Abido2

  • 1Saudi Electricity Company, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Thescientificworldjournal
|April 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This survey reviews synchronized measurement-based fault location algorithms for power transmission and distribution systems. It covers various line configurations, adaptive techniques, and advanced wavelet transform methods for improved accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Power Systems

Background:

  • Accurate fault location is crucial for reliable power system operation.
  • Traditional methods face challenges with complex network configurations and series compensation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive survey of synchronized measurement-based fault location algorithms.
  • To review existing and emerging techniques for enhanced fault location accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of algorithms for two-end, three-terminal, and multi-terminal lines.
  • Discussion of fault location challenges with series-compensated lines (e.g., using metal oxide varistors - MOVs).
  • Exploration of adaptive fault location algorithms and wavelet transform-based high-frequency techniques.

Main Results:

  • Summarizes diverse fault location algorithms and their applicability.
  • Highlights issues with series-compensated lines and adaptive solutions.
  • Discusses advanced non-standard high-frequency techniques.

Conclusions:

  • Synchronized measurements offer robust solutions for fault location.
  • Further research is needed in adaptive algorithms and advanced signal processing techniques.
  • Addressing challenges in series-compensated and complex networks remains a key area.