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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:20

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses two major chronic disorders—ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease—each characterized by relapsing episodes of gastrointestinal inflammation. Although they share certain clinical features, their patterns of involvement and manifestations differ in ways that aid diagnosis and guide management.Ulcerative ColitisUlcerative colitis is limited to the colon and rectum and involves continuous inflammation of the mucosal layer. The...
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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology01:21

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease01:25

Inflammatory Bowel Disease III: Crohn's Disease

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Crohn’s disease is a chronic, relapsing form of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by segmental, transmural inflammation that can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its pathogenesis arises from a combination of genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, epithelial barrier dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. Together, these factors lead to an exaggerated immune response against components of the gut microbiome.Genetic and Environmental InfluencesMultiple genetic...
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Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

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The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
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In vivo Macrophage Imaging Using MR Targeted Contrast Agent for Longitudinal Evaluation of Septic Arthritis
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[Pigmented villonodular synovitis].

S Court, M J Nissen, C Gabay

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a joint condition causing pain and swelling, primarily in young adults. This review explores its diagnosis and challenging treatment, highlighting the high risk of recurrence.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Pathology
    • Radiology

    Context:

    • Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), or tenosynovial giant cell tumor, is an uncommon joint disorder.
    • It predominantly affects young adults, characterized by abnormal synovial membrane proliferation.
    • Clinical symptoms include joint pain and swelling, necessitating accurate diagnosis and management.

    Purpose:

    • To review current literature on the diagnosis and therapy of PVNS.
    • To elucidate the complexities in managing this condition, considering its high relapse rate.
    • To provide a comprehensive overview of this poorly understood articular pathology.

    Summary:

    • PVNS involves synovial membrane overgrowth, leading to joint pain and swelling.
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the preferred diagnostic imaging modality.
    • Histopathology confirms the diagnosis, while treatment is challenging due to frequent relapses.

    Impact:

    • Enhances understanding of PVNS diagnosis and treatment strategies.
    • Provides a foundation for future research into effective PVNS management.
    • Aims to improve patient outcomes by addressing the high recurrence rates associated with PVNS.