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Updated: May 1, 2026
Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
Published on: February 8, 2022
Blood flow imaging in transesophageal echocardiography during atrial septal defect closure: a comparison with the
Siri Ann Nyrnes1, Lasse Løvstakken, Gaute Døhlen
1Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, St. Olav's University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
Background:
Flow visualization before transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure is essential to identify the number and size of ASDs and to map the pulmonary veins (PV). Previous reports have shown improved visualization of ASD and PV using blood flow imaging (BFI), which supplements color Doppler imaging (CDI) with angle-independent information of flow direction. In this study, we compared transesophageal BFI with the current references in ASD sizing (balloon stretched diameter, BSD) and PV imaging (pulmonary angiography).
Methods:
In this prospective study, 28 children were examined with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) including BFI of the secundum ASD and the PV before interventional ASD closure. The maximum ASD diameter measured with BFI by 4 observers was compared to the corresponding BSD and CDI measurements. The repeatability of the BFI measurements was calculated as the residual standard deviation. BFI of the PV was compared to PV angiography.
Results:
The mean maximum diameter measured by BFI was 12.1 mm (±SD 2.4 mm). The corresponding BSD and CDI measurements were 15.9 mm (±SD 3.0 mm) and 11.8 mm (±SD 2.5 mm), respectively. The residual standard deviation was 1.2 mm. Compared to PV angiography, the sensitivity of BFI in detecting the correct entry of the PV was 0.96 (95% CI: 0.82-1.0).
Conclusion:
Transesohageal echocardiography with BFI of the PV agreed well with pulmonary angiography. BFI had lower estimates for ASD size than BSD, but with acceptable 95% limits of agreement. The repeatability of the BFI measurements was close to the inherent ultrasound measurement error.
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