Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

3.1K
As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
3.1K
The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

7.1K
The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
The bipolar configuration of the mitotic spindle facilitates chromosomal segregation, preparing the cell for division. One mechanism that ensures...
7.1K
The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

4.9K
4.9K
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

3.1K
During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
3.1K
Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

3.3K
Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
3.3K
Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

39.5K
Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
39.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Network architecture determines delay robustness in the spindle assembly checkpoint.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Am80 (tamibarotene) and ATRA induce highly similar molecular responses and myeloid differentiation in non-APL AML, enhanced by LSD1/GCN5 inhibition and increased RARA expression.

BMC cancer·2026
Same author

Finding Pathways in Reaction Networks Guided by Energy Barriers Using Integer Linear Programing.

Molecular informatics·2026
Same author

Antifungal susceptibility and in vitro virulence characteristics of clinical Magnusiomyces/Saprochaete isolates: a multicenter study from Türkiye.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Molecular insights into the oxidative perturbation of VIM-2 metallo-β-lactamase: Active site remodeling restores imipenem susceptibility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Microbial pathogenesis·2026
Same author

Delayed Signaling in Mitotic Checkpoints: Biological Mechanisms and Modeling Perspectives.

Biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos
13:59

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

Published on: June 14, 2012

14.6K

Spatial rule-based modeling: a method and its application to the human mitotic kinetochore.

Bashar Ibrahim1, Richard Henze2, Gerd Gruenert3

  • 1Bio Systems Analysis Group, Institute of Computer Science, Jena Centre for Bioinformatics and Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, D-0007743 Jena, Germany. bashar.ibrahim@uni-jena.de.

Cells
|April 9, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Rule-based modeling with BioNetGen and SRSim overcomes combinatorial explosion in complex biological systems. This approach integrates diverse data for spatial simulations, offering new insights into multi-protein assemblies like the kinetochore.

More Related Videos

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I
11:13

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Published on: April 10, 2018

8.2K
Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
07:14

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations

Published on: September 20, 2019

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos
13:59

Studying Mitotic Checkpoint by Illustrating Dynamic Kinetochore Protein Behavior and Chromosome Motion in Living Drosophila Syncytial Embryos

Published on: June 14, 2012

14.6K
Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I
11:13

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Published on: April 10, 2018

8.2K
Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations
07:14

Live Cell Imaging to Assess the Dynamics of Metaphase Timing and Cell Fate Following Mitotic Spindle Perturbations

Published on: September 20, 2019

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Systems Biology
  • Computational Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Analyzing complex multi-protein assemblies is hindered by combinatorial explosion.
  • Conventional modeling methods (differential equations, Boolean/Bayesian networks) have limitations due to fixed dimensionality and restricted state spaces.
  • Rule-based modeling offers a flexible alternative for complex biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a method for applying rule-based modeling to integrate diverse experimental data into a single spatial simulation model.
  • To demonstrate the utility of rule-based modeling for analyzing complex biological systems, specifically the human mitotic kinetochore.
  • To highlight the potential for novel perspectives and address challenges in spatial rule-based modeling.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the rule-based modeling language BioNetGen and its spatial extension SRSim.
  • Integrating molecular interaction data, reaction networks, proximities, binding/diffusion kinetics, and molecular geometries.
  • Constructing a spatial rule-based model of the human mitotic inner and outer kinetochore, including the spindle assembly checkpoint signaling pathway.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the successful application of rule-based modeling to create a comprehensive spatial simulation of the human kinetochore.
  • Showcased the integration of multi-source experimental data into a unified model.
  • Provided a novel perspective for understanding the dynamics of complex biological systems.

Conclusions:

  • Rule-based modeling provides a powerful framework for tackling the combinatorial complexity of multi-protein assemblies.
  • Spatial simulations using BioNetGen and SRSim enable deeper insights into cellular processes.
  • This approach facilitates the integration of diverse data types, advancing systems biology research.