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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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A hydrogen bond is formed when a weakly positive hydrogen atom already bonded to one electronegative atom (for example, the oxygen in the water molecule) is attracted to another electronegative atom from another polar molecule, such as water (H2O), hydrogen fluoride (HF), or ammonia (NH3). The huge electronegativity difference between the H atom (2.1) and the atom to which it is bonded (4.0 for an F atom, 3.5 for an O atom, or 3.0 for an N atom), combined with the very small size of an H atom...
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Selective and mild hydrogen production using water and formaldehyde.

Leo E Heim1, Nils E Schlörer1, Jong-Hoo Choi1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 6, 50939 Koeln, Germany.

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Water and formaldehyde form methanediol for efficient molecular hydrogen storage. This system offers a high theoretical weight efficiency for clean energy applications, outperforming formic acid.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Dihydrogen is a key fuel molecule for energy storage due to its high energy content.
  • Liquid organic hydrogen carriers are explored for safe and efficient hydrogen storage.
  • Formaldehyde and water offer potential as hydrogen storage materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the suitability of water and formaldehyde for molecular hydrogen storage.
  • To evaluate the efficiency and feasibility of hydrogen generation from this system.
  • To compare the hydrogen storage capacity with existing methods like formic acid.

Main Methods:

  • Formation of stable methanediol from water and formaldehyde.
  • Selective dehydrogenation of methanediol to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
  • Utilizing a ruthenium catalyst for efficient hydrogen generation in the presence of air at low temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Water and formaldehyde form methanediol, a stable intermediate for hydrogen storage.
  • The system achieves a theoretical weight efficiency of 8.4% for hydrogen storage.
  • Aqueous formaldehyde solutions demonstrate a practical efficiency of 5.0 wt%.

Conclusions:

  • Water and formaldehyde provide a viable and efficient method for molecular hydrogen storage.
  • The methanediol system offers a higher theoretical efficiency compared to formic acid.
  • Low-temperature, air-assisted catalytic dehydrogenation enables practical hydrogen generation.