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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine
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Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine

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T-cell selection and intestinal homeostasis.

Teresa L Ai1, Benjamin D Solomon, Chyi-Song Hsieh

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.

Immunological Reviews
|April 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The immune system develops tolerance to gut bacteria through regulatory T (Treg) cells, preventing harmful inflammation. Disrupting this mucosal tolerance may contribute to inflammatory bowel disease.

Keywords:
T cellT-cell receptorsinflammatory bowel diseasemucosa

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 1, 2026

Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine
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Isolation and Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine Small Intestinal Lymphocytes
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Intestinal bacteria reside externally, posing a potential 'non-self' threat to the host immune system.
  • The immune system traditionally targets foreign entities, suggesting commensal bacteria should be eliminated.
  • Emerging evidence indicates the immune system actively tolerates many gut bacterial species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms underlying immune tolerance to commensal intestinal bacteria.
  • To explore the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in maintaining mucosal homeostasis.
  • To understand the implications of impaired mucosal tolerance in inflammatory conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of immune responses to commensal bacteria in the gut.
  • Investigation of regulatory T (Treg) cell induction and function.
  • Examination of the link between mucosal tolerance and inflammatory bowel disease models.

Main Results:

  • The immune system actively induces tolerance to many commensal bacteria.
  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are crucial for inhibiting inflammatory responses to gut microbes.
  • Loss of Treg-mediated tolerance correlates with inappropriate immune reactivity.

Conclusions:

  • Mucosal tolerance to commensal bacteria is actively established and maintained.
  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells are central to preventing self-attack against beneficial gut microbes.
  • Dysfunctional mucosal tolerance may be a key factor in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.