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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
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It isn't easy to measure a parameter such as the mean height or the mean weight of a population. So, we draw samples from the population and calculate the mean height or mean weight of the individuals in the sample. This sample data acts as a representative measure of the population parameter. These sample statistics are known as estimates. 
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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Establishing a Competing Risk Regression Nomogram Model for Survival Data
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Risk estimator for adrenal tumor functionality.

Claire Sadler1, Melanie Goldfarb

  • 1Division of Breast/Soft Tissue and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, 1510 San Pablo Street, Suite 412 k, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.

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|April 10, 2014
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Summary

A new scoring system predicts adrenal tumor functionality (FATs) using patient demographics and clinical data. This tool helps identify patients needing specialist referral for incidental adrenal masses.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Adrenal lesions are common, found in up to 10% of imaging studies.
  • Current guidelines recommend laboratory tests for adrenal tumor functionality, but this workup is often missed.
  • This study aims to develop a simple scoring system to predict functional adrenal tumors (FATs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate demographic and clinical variables for predicting adrenal tumor functionality.
  • To create an easy-to-use scoring system for identifying functional adrenal tumors (FATs).

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 2,807 patients from the NSQIP database who underwent adrenalectomy.
  • Patients were categorized into functional adrenal tumor (FAT) and non-functional groups.
  • Univariate and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors for FATs and specific conditions like Cushing's, Conn's, or pheochromocytoma.

Main Results:

  • 13.2% of adrenalectomies were for FATs.
  • Younger age, overweight status, hypertension, elevated WBC, serum creatinine, and sodium levels predicted FATs (OR 20.53).
  • Predictors for Cushing's included younger age, female sex, diabetes, overweight status, elevated WBC, and lower creatinine (OR 63.62).

Conclusions:

  • A validated risk estimator can quantify the probability of functional adrenal tumors (FATs) in patients with incidental adrenal masses.
  • While predictive power may be limited, the system aids in identifying high-risk patients for urgent specialist referral.