Pediatric IBS: an overview on pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment

Area of Science:

• Pediatric Gastroenterology
• Neurogastroenterology
• Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

Background:

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent disorder affecting both children and adults, with incompletely understood pathogenesis.
• The biopsychosocial model, emphasizing gut-brain homeostasis dysregulation, is the leading framework for explaining IBS.
• Genetic, environmental, and early-life factors, including cow's milk hypersensitivity and surgery history, contribute to IBS development.

Purpose of the Study:

• To discuss the importance of understanding IBS pathophysiology in pediatric populations.
• To review known pathophysiological mechanisms underlying IBS.
• To outline the clinical approach and evidence-based therapies for pediatric IBS management.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on IBS pathogenesis and pathophysiology.
• Analysis of genetic, environmental, and early-life risk factors.
• Discussion of the biopsychosocial model in the context of pediatric IBS.

Main Results:

• IBS has a significant genetic component, but environmental and social learning factors play crucial roles.
• Early-life events and preceding gastrointestinal inflammation are identified risk factors for IBS.
• A history of cow's milk hypersensitivity or abdominal surgeries increases the likelihood of developing IBS and other FGIDs.

Conclusions:

• The biopsychosocial model provides a comprehensive framework for understanding IBS in children.
• Multiple factors contribute to IBS development, highlighting the need for a holistic approach.
• Effective management requires understanding pathophysiological mechanisms and implementing evidence-based therapeutic strategies.