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The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
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Hazard Ratio01:12

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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 1, 2026

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
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Measuring Adverse Events in Hospitalized Patients: An Administrative Method for Measuring Harm.

John Martin1, Evan M Benjamin, Christopher Craver

  • 1From the *Premier, Inc., Washington, District of Columbia; †Center of Quality of Care Research, Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts; ‡MedAssetts (formerly Premier, Inc.), Charlotte, North Carolina; and §The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice and Institute for Healthcare Improvement, Hanover, Vermont.

Journal of Patient Safety
|April 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary

An administrative harm measurement tool (AHMT) shows sufficient accuracy for tracking patient harm within hospitals. However, its accuracy is not recommended for comparing harm across different institutions.

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Area of Science:

  • Healthcare quality improvement
  • Patient safety analytics
  • Health informatics

Background:

  • Current patient harm tracking relies on costly manual chart review or inaccurate proxy methods.
  • There is a need for more efficient and accurate methods to detect and monitor patient harm in healthcare settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the agreement between an administrative harm measurement tool (AHMT) using electronic data and full manual chart review (FMCR) for detecting patient harm.
  • To evaluate the accuracy of an AHMT for tracking harm events within hospitals.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective chart review of approximately 771 medical records from 5 hospitals was conducted.
  • The study compared harm detection between an AHMT and FMCR using measures like sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and concordance.

Main Results:

  • At the harm-event level, agreement showed adjusted sensitivity of 65%, adjusted specificity of 85%, PPV of 59%, NPV of 88%, and concordance of 75%.
  • At the patient level, agreement was higher with adjusted sensitivity of 95%, adjusted specificity of 86%, PPV of 61%, NPV of 99%, and concordance of 81%.

Conclusions:

  • The AHMT is accurate enough for reliable within-hospital harm detection and tracking.
  • The AHMT is not recommended for cross-institutional comparisons due to policy and payment implications.
  • Further research is needed to enhance administrative harm detection using broader measures and electronic health records.