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    A new multi-step spiral phase filter (MSSPF) extracts phase from rotated spiral interferograms. This method shows potential for phase contrast measurement with reduced phase error, validated by simulations and experiments.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical metrology
    • Interferometry
    • Phase contrast imaging

    Background:

    • Spiral interferograms are used to extract phase information from objects.
    • Continuous spiral phase filters (CSPFs) are typically assumed to have infinite steps.
    • Quantizing CSPFs introduces phase errors that depend on the number of steps.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and analyze a quantized multi-step spiral phase filter (MSSPF) for phase extraction from rotated spiral interferograms.
    • To investigate the effect of reducing the number of steps in MSSPF on residual phase error.
    • To evaluate the applicability of the MSSPF technique for phase contrast measurement.

    Main Methods:

    • Numerical simulation of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer incorporating an MSSPF with a reduced number of steps.
    • Analysis of residual phase error as a function of the number of steps in the MSSPF.
    • Experimental validation of the MSSPF technique.

    Main Results:

    • A residual phase error persists in the MSSPF method as the number of steps increases, approaching errors seen in single-shot spiral interferogram methods.
    • The MSSPF technique can be directly applied to phase contrast measurements without modifications.
    • Experimental results demonstrate performance comparable to numerical simulations and a commercial interferometer.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed MSSPF provides a viable method for phase extraction from rotated spiral interferograms.
    • The MSSPF technique offers a practical approach for phase contrast imaging.
    • The study validates the MSSPF method through both numerical simulations and experimental verification.