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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
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Related Experiment Video

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Repression of Multiple Myeloma Cell Growth In Vivo by Single-wall Carbon Nanotube SWCNT-delivered MALAT1 Antisense Oligos
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Noncoding RNAs in endocrine malignancy.

Jessica Kentwell1, Justin S Gundara, Stan B Sidhu

  • 1Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, and Endocrine Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The Oncologist
|April 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are crucial regulators in gene expression and cancer development. This review highlights their roles in endocrine-related cancers and potential clinical applications for diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
Endocrine gland neoplasmsLong noncoding RNAOncogenesSmall untranslated RNATumor suppressor genes

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • The mammalian transcriptome contains numerous noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) involved in gene regulation.
  • Short ncRNAs (microRNAs, snRNAs, piRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as critical players in biological processes.
  • Deregulation of ncRNAs is increasingly recognized for its role in cancer progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of short and long noncoding RNAs in carcinogenesis.
  • To outline the genetic mechanisms underlying ncRNA involvement in cancer.
  • To emphasize the clinical applications of ncRNAs in endocrine-related cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on ncRNAs in cancer biology.
  • Focus on endocrine-related malignancies: thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors.
  • Analysis of genetic mechanisms and clinical relevance.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs, including microRNAs and lncRNAs, are significantly implicated in the development and progression of various cancers.
  • Specific ncRNAs play regulatory roles in endocrine-related cancers.
  • Genetic mechanisms involving ncRNAs in carcinogenesis are being elucidated.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are vital regulators in cancer biology, particularly in endocrine-related malignancies.
  • Understanding ncRNA functions offers potential for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • Future research should focus on translating ncRNA discoveries into clinical applications for cancer treatment.